Risk Factors in the Development of
Antisperm Antibodies (ASA)
| Obstruction: Vasectomy Vasectomy reversal Vasal or seminal vesicle agenesis Testicular Infection: Orchitis Venereal disease Prostatitis Thermal: Varicocele Cryptorchidism |
Physical Injury: Trauma Torsion Biopsy Coitus Genetic: Human lymphocyte antigens |
Modified from Turek, P.J.: Immunopathology and infertility. In: Infertility in the Male, 3rd Edition. Edited by L.I. Lipshultz and S.S. Howards. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1997, p.313.